hello and welcome to the lecture on apa style writing from the eighth chapter of the apa seventh edition uh titled works credited in text so this entire lecture is going to go over some of the main points and maybe some of the more uh intermediary points um uh regarding uh proper citation uh in uh in your manuscript so the the chapter is broken up into general guidelines and maybe some more specific guidelines and we're going to follow the uh the outline of the chapter so levels of citation uh you know in general you want to cite other people's work that has influenced the development of your work so you know whether it's a a manuscript you're writing for publication or a paper that you're writing for a class you know you you need to use other people's ideas and research findings to justify the point that you're trying to make and the conclusions you're trying to make in your work and when you do that you have to cite them you know you have to cite your their ideas any research findings uh that that you read about theories that that you're reading about models whatever it is you need to cite other people's work and and make sure you give credit where credit is due uh and like i said you know when you write a paper it's gonna um you know all the background information about your topic is going to come from other places so so make sure that you know you're just citing properly and that's that's what this lecture is for citing other people's work means that you have read that work it doesn't mean that you just found it and and read maybe a couple sentences and then called it the debt you know called it a day you you need to read through the work and and i'm not saying from page you know the first page to the last page you've scoured it thoroughly but you need to read it enough that that you know what's going on and and not just reading the abstract so and that that that's a certain level of academic integrity there that uh that you that you have a really firm just on on on the on the uh let's say the article that you want to cite you have to you have to understand what's happening in the article so um and and there's probably a balance someplace in terms of how much you actually like you don't have to memorize it you don't have to you know you know write notes about it but make sure you read through it and then you understand when you write uh you have to defend like i said you have to defend everything that you're writing about in a paper or a manuscript for publication and you know using other people's work and you're going to cite all of your statements that you make there's also the use of primary uh and secondary sourcing primary sourcing i should i i think should be used a hundred percent of the time unless you can make a really good uh uh uh justification for why a secondary source is used and we're gonna get to that a little bit later on in the lecture in terms of when you would actually use a secondary source but i i think just a good rule uh to live by is to always practice primary sourcing uh and um uh and then yeah also you know what you have to cite paraphrases and quotes and that's really the two main areas that we're going to be talking about in this lecture is when you paraphrase you have to cite and when you quote and there are different rules for for citing when paraphrasing and when quoting and we'll go over that as well uh when you write a paper that you know there's something called cluster citation maybe i made that that turn up i don't know but when you cluster site you know that's when you put in uh uh you know you you uh use the parenthetical uh citation method and you put in like you know four five six seven uh different citations that's going to justify uh you know the the uh your argument in that in that point and the thing is is you want to watch how many cluster citations that you use that apa recommends more or less that you want to cite one or two sources that are going to be the most representative uh uh to proving your points in in your paper whether it's you know for publication or for uh for a you know for an academic assignment you don't want to you don't want to oversight so there's something called undercutting under citation versus over citation and and i think we need to find a balance and and i think that's more of an art than it is a science there's no hard rules um there might be an exception for every rule in terms of how much you cite and how much you cluster cite but you want to make sure it makes sense and you'll in if if a professor or editor ever came back and said well justify why you're citing so much here or so little then you'll be able to do that all right plagiarism uh plagiarism is you know in and i guess just in a paraphrased definitions presenting others work as your own there's two kinds there's the intentional and unintentional plagiarism you know intentional is of course when you intentionally plagiarize you know somebody's work but unintentional uh plagiarism is when you accidentally claim other people's work as your own and usually i i'm gonna say that uh unintentional plagiarism is due to uh just basic incompetence uh on the writers uh uh part in terms of uh offering up poor citations and referencing so if you can master how to cite and reference in your paper and you know when like in in terms of when to cite how to cite uh you're gonna you're gonna eliminate uh uh most if not all of the unintentional types of plagiarism uh that you could commit in a paper uh you have to accurately cite in all of these cases that you know when you um when you paraphrase and direct quote and this is probably going to be more for you know when you write a paper uh in a class and and then you know and maybe uh you know i would say even most of the time for when you um are writing for publication but you also have to cite when referring to data sets uh there's any reprinting or adapting a table or figure from another from another source and then reprinting along passage in general but you know these are probably the um you know these are the uncommon times that you would have to cite i would say you know make sure that you know that they're there and and and if you ever need to cite a data set or a long passage or table or figure then you know then then know that it's in the manual and that you can go and and see you know exactly how to do that but we're going to focus mainly on uh accurately setting paraphrases and then also direct quotes because that's you know that's going to be once again 99 of uh you know what you're going to need uh apa uses the author date form when citing and and and so you know any time that you say you know you're going to want to use the author uh the author's surname and the date uh self-plagiarism this is when you present your own previous work as an original uh you know and this goes for uh you know people who are pro publishing papers and then also for class papers so for for class papers for students you don't want to you don't want to hand in the same paper uh for the theories class that you wrote in the life span class uh you know and just as an example uh that you know that you you and and that's you know that that's an example of self-plagiarism and then for publications if you if you um you know you don't want to lift up you know paragraphs out of one manuscript that you got published uh a year or two ago and then put it in another manuscript you know verbatim uh uh in in one that you're writing for publication right now you know you have to you have to rewrite it you know just just work it around a little bit it might be saying the same thing but you need to say it in a different way so uh consistency between citation text citations and references there has to be you know your text citations in your paper have to be synonymous and reflective of the references so what does that mean that every citation that's in your paper has to have a reference in the back and every reference that you list in the reference section has to be cited somewhere in the paper and uh you know and that that's really important to be able to um you know to line that up and make sure that one or the other is not missing now there's a couple of exceptions to this if you would ever write a site a personal communication in your paper that that doesn't go into the reference section and then general mention of whole websites if you're not deriving specific information from a website you don't have to reference it if you're just and and we'll talk there's an example about that later in the uh in this lecture but really if you're writing an academic paper for for a class i i would not use personal communications or you know just referencing whole websites those are for specific reasons and you know if you're if you're writing for publication you might need to do that but in the case of just a a paper for a class i would just stay away from that primary versus secondary sourcing primary sourcing reports original content so if you are reading a theoretical paper by a theoretical article by let's say jones and smith and you know and and and you you need uh you know part of uh you know you want to reference that uh you know that uh jones and smith in your paper then then you would you know you would cite them directly and you know and that would be a primary source secondary sourcing is when we refer to content that's first reported in another source uh and and so that would be like if you're looking through a lit review of a of an empirical study and you find that they described uh you know a a study uh in their lit review and then you would just instead of going back and looking for the you know for that article in in you know in ebsco or wherever you would find it you would just do a secondary source of you know you know you'd secondary source the the secondary uh you know source and then you know for the primary source and really that that's people would say that's the lazy way of doing it in academia so it's it's not a problem to find other sources in in articles and and that's a very common thing that if you're reading a lit review uh of an empirical study and you find like three or four sources that you think could strengthen the paper that you're writing you just go back and find those sources in ebsco print them out and read them and and and that's the right way to do it so you don't want to cut any corners um the only time you would ever secondary source

an article or a book or something is when when the work itself is on a print and you can't obtain it or it's not in the language that you can read so uh you know those are really the only times and and and that are going to be accepted uh yeah so that you know i guess with that being said uh you know that that's about secondary source so uh you would give the secondaries if you were to do this you would give the secondary source in the reference list and and not the original work so that way the person could at least go back and find the secondary source and find where you got that information from and this is how you might do it uh in your paper that you would state roger stated as cited in dunkle67 how people and then and then you would um uh and then you would uh then you would cite the reference uh you would rent for its donkle not roger so it's it's it's just not worth doing it uh you know if you uh if you have the primary source which once again 99.99 of the time you're going to be able to find the primary source special approaches to citing uh interviews once again this isn't really for academic papers as much as it is for um for maybe uh uh manuscripts for publication but i'm just gonna go through this quickly uh interviews are a dialogue or exchange of information between people uh published interview you know if it is a published interview like in a magazine or a podcast you would just first determine uh you know the reference type and and treat it accordingly so if it's out of a magazine that you're that you're citing an interview that was done and you need to either paraphrase or quote it you would you would cite it in the form of a magazine or if it's in a podcast to use the podcast or whatever means you would just look that up personal interviews this is when you would want to interview a professional in the field based on whatever your paper is about uh and you know you would cite this as a as a personal communication these are face-to-face interviews you know zoom interviews phone interviews maybe letters memos email you know and you would certainly describe how the interview was conducted generally this is not recoverable data because it's not been published so this would be a time that if you were to use a personal inter personal communication in your text there's no reason to put that personal communication in the references section because once again you can't go back and find it anywhere uh the narrative citation for a personal interview is listed here it would be that if it was in the narrative if jane myers was the person you were interviewing you would put j uh period uh j period e period which is her uh first and middle initial j e myers and then in parentheses you would put personal communication the exact date and year uh in all in parenthetical and then you would say you know uh you know myers described how many people are in pursuit of wellness and then that's how you would cite it within text this is also in the book uh and then the parenthetical text is if you wanted to just uh you know write something like people are in a constant pursuit of wellness then you could put the entire personal communication citation in parentheses there's really no preference one way or the other how to do it i think it just depends on your writing style and how the rest of your paper looks so classroom and internet resources you know this is actually a an important one if you're doing uh if you're doing um online work and there are narratives like online pre-recorded narratives in powerpoint that are provided for your class and you want to bring this into the discussion board to um to reference what uh what was said in the the presentation uh so uh so um this is how you would do it so let's say somebody wanted to cite uh foster in 2020 and something that he said in a in his presentation the narrative would be in his lecture comma foster stated now you don't have to put in his lecture but just using his last name and his uh

is really how you would cite that within your discussion board

thread if you wanted to just uh do a parenthetical citation you would include the author and the date so

so like i said in uh for in-text citations you know it's an author date uh citation system uh to cite the references it's you know it's a two-part uh it's a two-part system like i said it's in-text citations within the text and then also a reference list to list those you know where you got the citations from they have to reflect each other like i already said that before and for the citation you want to provide the surname of the author and the date now there are very specific times that you would use the the author's first and middle initial when uh providing that as a citation but once again 99.9 of the time when you cite uh in text especially when you if um you know within uh the narration you do not use their first and middle initials you only use their last name and the date so that's all that's all really you should be using for an academic paper for an assignment and then but if you need if you think that you need to use that look at the specific at the specific time that you would use that uh in the apa uh if no date is uh offered in the manuscript or in the article or the book you uh would just put n period d period which stands for no date and you would just replace uh the um where the date's supposed to be with nd that that's pretty easy if the work has been accepted for publication but has no date as of yet you would just replace where the date would be for in press so the parenthetical citation is an example would look like this with that you would have the last name of the author or authors uh and then um and then you would have the year and it would be separated by a comma the narrative citation so if you were to use this uh incorporate the author's name in in the sentence you would say foster and then you would have the the date right behind his name or his well his or her name i guess if it wasn't me it was whoever it would say foster 2020 noted how and then you would you know move on with what your you know with what what they said uh if it's a one work uh one author uh type of um citation you would give only the surname in the year of publication so an example here would be depression and depression and anxiety are key signs that something is wrong with the person and then you would cite smith 2020 at the end now let me say there's a typo right here that i just noticed the period there should be a period that ends the sentence on the uh on behind smith 2020. so if you were to write depression and anxiety are key signs that something is wrong with the person and then you would put the the parenthetical citation in behind that then behind the parenthetical citation you would put a period right here a lot of times people make the mistake of putting the period behind the last name or by behind the the last word in the sentence and that is incorrect you have to put the period over here when citing the author again in the same paragraph you can always omit the date and then if you go to recite the same citation in the next paragraph you would use the date for at least the first time again the narrative citation citation example for this would be that smith in 2020 noted how adolescents struggle with depression so uh and then and then uh once again um uh well i i yeah okay so i guess these were the two examples and then this is um i guess this was an example that i i forgot about in there so okay so this is how it's supposed to look adolescent struggle with depression in parentheses is is the name last name and the year and then followed by the period one work in two authors you would cite both authors each time you reference them so you would not use the abbreviation of of at al uh in in a two work citation you can cite in text or in parentheses uh you can always use pronouns to describe them as long as the pronoun directly points to the authors so let's just do some examples of a first off a narrative citation that you might say johnson and sue and then follow it with the date noted how middle-aged women struggle with goal deadlines period and then for the next citation you could put they go on to just uh to suggest and then they is the you know would be the pronoun that would uh describe johnson and sue but you want to make sure that the pronoun is always going to directly point to the authors that that you're describing parenthetical citation you you could do it this other way uh that uh some middle-aged women struggle with goal deadlines and then cite johnson and sue in parentheses at the end now just note here if the citation is in parentheses you utilize an ampersand between the two authors and also note that if the two authors are used in the narrative you use the word you write out the word and in in for the narrative uh citation so that's that's a subtle difference that people sometimes forget about also note that if it's in parentheses uh if you use the parenthetical citation you always separate the uh the names of the authors and the year with a comma that's something that sometimes people leave out so that's very important to remember

one work with multiple authors um this is changed a little bit since the the sixth edition uh they uh the change is now that for three or more authors you always include the name of the first author and then automatically go to at al and then and then uh and there's always a period at the end of al don't use the double quotes i just use that as you know as you know what what you want to put and then you follow it by the year of publication so and you always you do this even for the first citation and beyond before in the sixth edition it was uh you know they told you to write out all the names first and then the second time that you uh refer to that study and cite it that you use you know that you use the at ow but now they're saying do it from the get-go so if the narrative form if jones if you ever cite like you know jones and let's say there's you know like like three or four or five authors or even more than that behind jones even in the first time that you cite them you start out with at al so jones at al 2019 found that adolescents possess psychological resilience parenthetical same thing adolescence possess psychological resilience and in parentheses you would put jones at al period and then comma and then 2020. so always refer you know always um include the period and the comma in the parenthetical citation that's something that sometimes people miss citing two or more works parenthetically this is like i said cluster sighting you know and you only do this to include citations that's most relevant to your point don't just throw in everything there you know everything but the kitchen sink uh throw in what's relevant uh it's for two or more works by different authors and you arrange it uh you arrange the citations in the parentheses by alphabetical order of the first author surname so and then you separate the studies with a semicolon so if you notice here there's two studies there's kelly and myers and there's norton and grant well kelly you look at kelly and norton k comes before n so you would include kellyanne myers comma 2017 separate it with a semicolon and then you would include norton and grant comma 2018. has nothing to do with the years it has everything to do with uh the first uh uh the first author's names and and which one is uh and they have to be in alphabetical order now in the rare case that you want to cite two or more works by the same author uh arranged by the year of publication so if let's say you know uh you find that this author johnson has just published a lot of stuff and some stuff that uh in a subject that you are writing about for your paper and let's say there's three of them there's three there's you know there's three manuscripts that um or three articles that that you want to cite maybe cluster site uh then instead of writing johnson 15 johnson 17 and johnson and press all you have to do is spell out johnson once comma and then the year of of of the first article the year of the second article and then the year of like if it's in press you would write in press but if if let's say you know you only have two 15 and 17 that you know you could do that and then and then there has to be a comma between the years and then also you start by the earliest uh article first and then and then you go accordingly so 15 comes before 17 comes before currently in press now let's say that johnson wrote two articles the same year that uh uh that you want to use in a in a citation so what you would do is you would delineate if both were written in 2017 you would delineate one with the letter a and delineate the other one with the letter b and then and then you would just if uh you continued to let's say uh um cite the you know these separately in other places you would just continue to use uh johnson 2017a when when needed and then site johnson 2017 uh be what you know when appropriate abbreviating group authors uh you don't have to uh you have you're under really no obligation to abbreviate group authors if you don't want to they suggest maybe if it appears three or more times in a paper to do so uh you abbreviate group offers using the same rules as when you abbreviate other things in a manuscript that you provide the full name of the group first and then you follow it with an abbreviation and then you abbreviate follow you know after that so in the narrative let's say you wanted to abbreviate american counseling association sentence here would be the american counseling association found that 50 of counselors identify as trauma therapists you would uh cite this of course uh american counseling association and then in the parentheses you would uh you would uh include the date and then you would also include the abbreviation now let's say you wanted to do a parenthetical abbreviation or a yeah a parenthetical sanitation an abbreviation then you would say fifty percent of counselors identify as trauma therapist and then in parentheses you would spell out american counseling association for the first time and then in brackets you would uh um you would abbreviate aca comma and then provide the year so it's pretty easy now this is this you're not typically going to use this for student assignments this is more for maybe um you know for empirical studies uh that you need to uh describe a general mention of a of a website and and this is just a general like i said it's mentoring a website without getting information uh from that site if you get information from a site that means you have to cite it but if if you don't and it's just a general mention there's no citation in reference uh is needed and and this would just be you know this is an example that came from the book that we created our our survey using qualtrics and then you would just provide the uh you know the address for qualtrex

okay let's move on to paraphrasing uh in this in this chapter they describe paraphrasing techniques and also quoting techniques when do you use what when paraphrasing is defined as putting others work in your own words

apa encourages strongly encourages uh to paraphrase over quoting i strongly encourage paraphrasing over quoting i think it uh when you quote it it detracts attention from your own writing style i think it's and it's also harder for the reader to go back and forth between somebody's between your writing style as the writer writing the paper and the quotes that you're pulling in and those authors have their own writing style and it can get disjointed when paraphrasing you're required to once again cite the author uh or authors and the date and we already talked about this when paraphrasing you're encouraged to uh possibly cite the page number of what you're p of what you're paraphrasing and this what this does is it that can take the the reader exactly to where you found the information that you're paraphrasing now if you do this in your paper do it consistently do not do it sometimes because that that's inconsistent if you do it do it throughout the paper if you don't then don't do it throughout your paper but uh um you know and this is only when when paraphrasing that you have the option of whether uh you know you want to or not so and how you would do this is you know rogers comma 2010 comma p period space and then the page number or numbers that you um that you found this paraphrase and if it's page numbers it's pp period and then like 14 dash to 15. long paraphrases uh you might paraphrase an article uh over many sentences maybe there's like a main point that you need to make in this one article is just is the pivotal point and you need to keep talking about this article and describing it and going on and on and on now the thing is is what you don't want to do is cite that article in every sentence that you're talking about it because that gets to be very disjoint not disjointed as much as distracting so what you would do is you would cite the paraphrase on the first mention you would cite the article the first time that you mentioned your paraphrase and and then there's no need to cite every sentence but the thing is is that when you write in you know for that paragraph and you're describing and you're paraphrasing the article that you are you want to make very clear that you're describing that same article and that you know you're describing their work and not something that that you think or what other people are are doing so it's somewhat of an art and and but you just have to be very vigilant and and how you're writing it and what you're doing and if if if the the description in your in your paraphrase continues for that uh for that citation you want to recite the source uh uh in in the new paragraph okay that's enough for paraphrasing let's move on to quoting uh when you quote you have to reproduce uh the work word for word whether it's you know whether there's grammar mistakes or not you have to do it word for word you cite the author or authors the date and the page number or numbers where the quote can be found within the text quotes uh in text can be 39 words or less any 40 or more words you have to block quote we'll get to an example of that a little bit always use double quotation marks when you quote quotes can occur in mid-sentence end of sentences or be a sentence all all its own only quote for these two reasons okay and and so the this is really the only two times that you really want to quote according to apa and according you know i i would say according to what a lot of people are already doing uh when defining a variable you know let's say you're writing a student paper or you're writing a manuscript for publication let's say about wellness well you need to operationally define wellness for your paper and you need to find a definition in the literature and when you define that i would quote it word for word so that way you're not subtly somehow changing that definition of wellness you just want to quote it so anytime you define a variable you want to quote your definition and then cite it the only other time that you want to quote is when somebody in a paper writes something so eloquent so you know in such a way that it's it's not gonna you couldn't possibly paraphrase that uh that uh you know that that you know what what they wrote and and you need to quote it now 99 of the time you'll be able to paraphrase that you'll be able to find a way to say what they said in your own way and and that applies to your to you know to your manuscript uh so you know this is only it gives you an out only when geez i just can't do it uh but i you know but you really shouldn't you really shouldn't utilize this because a lot of times p you know i think people over quote way too much in their in their papers and um and and really what it does is you know quoting takes away your voice uh and and and you're and you're hiding behind other people's voices in your paper now you might think well it's just easy to you know cut and paste and put this in and then cite it and say well my bases are covered but the art of writing the art of your writing and the craft of your writing is compromised when you do that just some quick examples of mid-sentence and end-of-sentence quoting uh so if you know you want to you want to quote something by uh stevens you know you can say stevens reported that and then you would quote the results of the intervention group were significant when compared to the results of the control group on all levels end quote and then you would put the page number of where you found that uh in parentheses and then and then you can uh you know then you would include you know thus making the study unpublishable end of sentence quoting uh you know there's another one just an example here that you can read through uh counselors and counsel educators must be aware of their responsibilities to to produce meaningful research thus and then begin quote uh uh producing a respectable and meaningful profession among the mental health professionals end quote and then the thing is is when you end quote you want to make sure that you're putting the period at the end of the parenthetical citation a lot of times i see so many mistakes here where people put the period right behind the last word in the quote you want to include all of the parenthetical citation behind or yeah you you want to include all of the parenthetical citation within the period so that's a that's a big thing uh oh and and this is just an example of how to uh uh cites multiple pages so it could be from you know 12 12 to 13 and you would say you know just write pp uh period okay block quoting uh block quoting let me just say this if you you shouldn't be using block quotes in a student assignment and student paper unless the definition is super long uh and and really very few people use block quotes uh even in published manuscripts so but it's it's an option if you need it if you can justify it black quotes are 40 or more words uh that you need to quote you omit the quotation marks and you put the quote in an indented free standing block and i'll show you what that means in a second uh you put uh you put on a new line you put the block quote on a new line of its own and you double space the entire block quote you do not single space block quotes you double space so this is just a a screen shot of a of an example block quote so you have if you can imagine this being the top of a paper and a word document you get then you would have um and this is an old paper i think from uh from the from the 2000 or from the sixth edition but it's it's really the same it's really the same setup you have text here and then you would uh and then within uh the sentence you uh it says uh that that leads to the block quote foster creator and wah studied counseling students perceptions of working with older adults reported some of the following results now the results are in block quotes so the whole block quote is indented in it starts on a line of its own you that you know and then you would use a colon right here and the block quote just you would block quote the entire thing you do not use parentheses you end the block quote with a period and that's behind and and for this this is different than quoting within text you uh uh you end the block quote with the period and then you put the page number behind it so you know it could be you know p period you know 343. but this is different than quoting uh in text because uh here the period goes behind the word instead of behind the parentheses and then when you would um uh continue on after the block quote you would just uh you know you wouldn't indebt to a new paragraph uh you would just keep writing and unless you unless if but if you needed to indent to a new uh paragraph because uh uh the thought was completed then you would do that okay um quoting material without page numbers uh you know this is when uh you have to provide the readers with some other way to locate the passage that you're quoting so you know this could be internet uh internet pages that don't have page numbers you know it could be a number of things but yeah there's three different ways you uh that i've provided here that you can do it you would provide a heading or section name so if you were to uh if you were to quote

maybe something out of a website by thompson and meers you would quote you would uh cite thompson and mirrors in within parentheses uh comma and then the date of publication and then comma and then if there's no page number maybe you could do it under uh you know the heading like under or the section name like if it's a depression section that that way they could click on that and they can find it pervading providing maybe uh the paragraph number if if if it's within like on a website and there's maybe there's no headings but uh but there are paragraphs and that you found uh thompson and mere site uh uh uh material on paragraph two that you would just use thompson mirrors comma 2018 comma para period two which stands for paragraph two or you could combine the heading name or section with the paragraph number which just combines all of these things the authors the date uh the the depression section and with under the uh the the depression section uh uh found on par paragraph two and that's what you would do this is probably the most ideal because it's the most uh specific on where to find that information so if you could do that that'd be great okay well this is the lecture on uh proper citation i hope it's been helpful uh and so i hope everyone has a good day thank you