hello and welcome to the second lecture on the second chapter of the apa publication manual titled paper elements and format a majority of this content is coming from the seventh edition of apa and i've left in trace elements of apa 6th edition as well but everything in this lecture is is current consistent with the 7th edition so let's get started uh this you know when i said it the the the lecture or the first lecture on on the apa writing style i talked about how we were at 36 000 feet uh you know looking at you know the larger issues of writing this next chapter pulls us down to maybe more 20 000 feet and we're starting to get more into some of the maybe the more medium details of of writing and apa style so today we're looking at structure and content of an article uh and and an organization things like that i'm going to say that there is many parts to a manuscript and and and depending on what kind of paper you're writing there's going to be parts of what we go over here today that are not going to be relevant for your paper so it depends on if you're writing a conceptual piece or an empirical uh or an empirical study or you're even writing a student paper that they all have different requirements now and that's what i like about the seventh edition is they're starting to parcel out what the differences are between a professional paper and a student paper and i think it i think that's a little bit easier uh for for students moving forward so some of the parts discussed today are going to be the title page what that looks like if you're writing for publication versus if you're writing a an academic paper as a student abstract uh the text of a of a paper we're gonna focus in a little bit about references and then we're gonna get we're gonna touch upon footnotes appendices and supplemental material not so much on those last three but we're gonna just touch upon them for the sake of because they're there and and please note that you know these lectures uh you know i think we we touch upon a lot of the main points of the apa manual but please refer to the manual for more in-depth uh uh description of of of all of uh of all of this okay so let's start with the title the title uh really should summarize your main idea for for for your paper whether it's uh you know writing for publication or you're writing in uh you're a student and you're writing an academic paper for a class it has to be clear but also identify what variables and theory you're examining so you want to put a lot of um you know words in your title that people will be able to identify what what the paper's uh actually about uh we you know you advise you to only use the words in it for your title that you actually need so be concise and and precise and and what your title is and um and don't you and don't you know overload it with a lot of words that are uh not necessary the title will actually attract um your paper to the reader so you know a good title is really the uh you know that that's the the curb appeal for for your paper so you want to make sure that it's it's um it's not too long it's not in in not too vague but also very concise in what it's trying to display the title page uh uh you know should summarize your main idea like i said it has to be clear and also identify i already said that do not abbreviate anything in your title uh spell everything out so if if you you know want to use cognitive behavioral therapy or cognitive behavioral theory in your title do not abbreviate it as cbt so you know you have to write out cognitive behavioral therapy there's no word limit to the title there used to be a word limit in the sixth edition i think you couldn't have any more than 12 words but now they're saying there's no real word limit but keep it once again keep it focused keep it succinct i think i i think you know the general theme here is don't have too long a title there's there's really no there's no rule saying how long or short your title has to be but keep it on target by you know not using unnecessary words okay um format for the title uh for the title page you're going to type the title in upper and lowercase letters you're going to center the title and position it in the upper half of the page and you're going to bold your title and also your for the most part the title page will be double spaced there are some parts that should be double double spaced and we'll get to that a little bit later in

in this lecture so uh and and i would also refer you to the example of the um uh uh for for the uh for the title page that's found uh on on on the counseling website

uh the professional paper uh when i what i mean by that is that if you were writing for publication uh there are certain requirements for professional papers title page that is different from a student papers title page so if you are uh writing for publication this is what you need you need the title has to be bolded of course uh the author names and their uh affiliations their university affiliations and their affiliations uh that you describe should be by both department and university names so if you're if you're a student in the counseling program at ulm that you would uh that you would list you know a counseling program and then university of louisiana at monroe uh there's no uh titles used when you put your name in so if you have a doctorate or a license or a master's or a bachelor's you do not put any titles uh you just put your name um also uh any author notes that might uh that that might be relevant uh and i think we'll we'll get to that in a little bit running heads you would have to uh definitely uh include a running head if if this were a professional paper and also uh the page number one that you want to include page one at the top right hand corner uh of your document journal articles may request uh authors contact information and addresses i've written plenty of uh manuscripts that that requ that require this so if you are writing for publication you might have to put your email address your phone number and maybe even the address of your institution so every every journal article is a little different but uh apa does not require this uh the student paper uh title page it's going to include a lot of what we just went over with a few things missing so of course you have to put the title of your paper you put your name by department and university name uh please don't use any titles if you have a batch you know bachelors or masters please you know don't put that at the end of your name uh the school of phil affiliation the course which is uh by code in number and also the course uh title or the course name uh instructor's name in terms of um [Music] uh you know who assigned the paper in the class uh the due date when the paper is actually due of course you include page number one at the top right hand corner in the in the header and uh something that's a little different for student papers is that you do not provide a running head for uh with within your title page unless it was required specifically by your professor uh because you know and the instructor of the class who's requiring uh who's requiring the uh you know the uh the assignment may have you know have specific requirements and of course you'd have to follow those along i'm just conveying what apa is is describing and and for an example of this please go to the apa manual they do have an example of a student paper title page in chapter two

the author notes are are usually for professional papers and not student papers so if you're uh if you're watching this lecture in terms of how to do a title page for our student paper don't worry about the author notes uh the author notes can include anything about you know information about the authors i've been you know sometimes uh uh journals want to have a brief paragraph of each of the authors that's a biography and they'll include that in the article at the end maybe a study registration or even data sharing types of author notes disclaimer is a big one statements of conflict of interest that a lot of times i i just submitted a a a manuscript that required um me to have a statement of conflict of interest that if i uh if i had a conflict of interest to describe it you know on the title page if not just just a statement that says i have no conflicts of interests and also if there's any uh help or funding that supported the research that this might be a time that you know that you might want to offer up a special thank you to uh somebody who mentored you as you you know wrote this manuscript uh and helped you with that okay moving on to the running heads uh the running head of the title page this is for the like i said for professional papers not for student papers unless otherwise specified by uh by the professor uh it's it's an abbreviated what this is it's an abbreviated version of the title and you can rearrange the words uh of the title to fit the running head in any way that you want but it has to be a shorter version of the title the format of the running heads you don't include the the words actual uh running head anymore uh so that this is a change from the sixth edition uh you just include just the running head which is you know and you place uh the running head in the page header flush left all caps so it's all capital letters and um and it's across from the page number so the page number and the running head all go in the page header and you would use the same running head for every page and the the running head can uh be up to 50 characters long which uh includes the spaces and abbreviations everything everything is 50 characters and that's it and if your title is only 50 characters long then you want to reduce that down even further in the running head to make it shorter than the title

the abstract this is a brief summary of your paper this should really summarize all the contents of your paper uh it's always meant to be information rich but not super detailed to the point where you're getting lost in the details uh an abstract should be it's got a it's got to be accurate in terms of tells the purpose of the study the content and the outcome it's got to be readable use active voice in the abstract when needed uh use present and past tense when appropriate so um you can you know you got to be you got to be mindful of um you know of tense and then also voice and also it has to be brief because you only have so much room and we'll get to that in a second uh abstracts uh for empirical articles should include uh content or at least descriptions from uh the problem that you're addressing the participants the methods the findings the conclusions and implications and it all has to be pretty succinct and and wrapped up in in a very uh in a very brief way uh abstract for literature reviews instead of empirical articles should really include other things uh student papers typically don't require abstract so if this if you're if you're writing a paper for school unless it's uh required by your professor don't worry about the abstract and also journals typically have their own requirements for abstracts uh and usually that's uh in terms of content and also word requirement uh i uh there are some abstracts i had to write that were 50 50 words or less which is not very many words to use to when when writing an abstract so it was super brief and and that gets really hard to do but that's what the journal wanted apa format for an abstract it should be on a separate page and if you do include an abstract in your paper it should uh be on page two following the title uh it's no more than 250 words so i think and that's that's pretty generous to write for an abstract it's uh um like i said i've written 50 word abstracts and that's hard to do a 250 word abstracts uh uh is is not is not that hard uh always use the running head in the page header at the top left uh um top left uh portion of the paper flush left uh and also center and bold heading abstract in the top center of the of the page so this is going to be you know how this looks will be the heading for the abstract and uh you don't indent the first sentence of the abstract that has to be flush left so that that's an important aspect of the abstract uh on the abstract page you would also have a keywords portion that uh and this is uh these could be words phrases acronyms that describe the most important aspects of the manuscript and this is more for um i think for librarians to uh you know to put key words in so if somebody's searching for something uh maybe an ebsco or something that the key words what might be able to lead the uh uh whoever's doing the lit search to to your manuscript i think that's how it goes typically there's three to five keywords that uh that people ask for and if you're just uh including you know keywords in your abstract that that's typically the the number that would use anywhere around that and and once again keywords are not required for student papers because they're located within abstract unless otherwise specified formatting for the keyword section you would write keywords in this way it's italicized it's one word keywords is one word it's italicized and capitalized and it's one line below the end of the abstract where the abstract leaves off the keywords comes in you would indent keywords so you just hit the tab and then you would type in keywords in this format and then you would write the keywords in behind the word keywords separated by commons commas in lowercase lettering unless it's a proper noun and then you would end it with a period and and that's uh that's pretty much how how it would look please refer to the uh the example on the website or once again uh for chapter two and uh in the apa manual for an example of how the keywords should look

text uh or the body of the paper comes after the abstracts this contains a lot of different parts depending on what kind of paper you're writing if you were writing an empirical study then then you would have an introduction methods results in a discussion section within the main text of of the manuscript if you're writing a literature review you would have maybe an introduction section and then you might have other elements to the uh you know to the manuscript if we're going to focus i'm going to focus specifically in on the introduction at this time and then for the methods uh section results and discussion that's going to be for another lecture so uh for now uh the introduction is going to be a part of the main text that we're going to be talking about it's also called the literature review and the page length for a literature view really depends on what kind of paper you're writing if you're writing a research article then your literature review is only going to be three to six pages that's all the uh the the space that you have to um to to provide an adequate literature review a dissertation you know really it could be anywhere from 20 to 30 to 80 to 90 pages depending on your topic and what what specifically needs covered and student papers can vary you know that you can be writing really short papers or longer types of research papers or literature reviews and and your professor will typically give you a page limit uh minimal uh pages that you can uh that you that you need to write and maybe even a cap that you can't go you can't go over on traditionally the the introduction is meant to get the reader interested in the content and present them with with really what the study is about or what the the conceptual piece is about it's a review of the previous literature that comes all the way up to the present and and and believing that you don't you don't necessarily have to provide you know every site you know every study or every um piece of literature on on a related topic only the ones that are the most relevant that can you know that that can make the argument uh you present with the problem and also uh yeah at the end of the introduction or the literature review you're going to present with the research problem and then also how it's going to be addressed and that's it's you know that's if it's a an empirical study

uh the introduction should argue why the problem is important and why it's necessary to even examine that topic presents uh past studies about the subject and how your study is going to build on past research you know how will your current research fill in the gap or how will this literature review uh demonstrate the the the gaps in the research and uh and call for uh further studies in in this area for empirical articles uh that you know the research questions and hypotheses are going to be given at the end of the of the introduction and also any kind of theoretical basis for the study should be described in in the in the introduction so the format the format for the for the text uh generally is going to um especially specifically for the introduction uh should begin on the third page of the manuscript if you are using an abstract if if this is a student paper and you're not including an abstract it should begin on page two you would use uh the running head throughout the introduction and throughout your paper uh pretty much here on out if this is a professional paper um uh only write the running head oh yeah and don't write i already said that about not writing uh the actual running head after the title so once again and and that's that's gonna be you know that might be hard for some people to to stop doing because you know this is a change from uh from the sixth edition of the apa manual uh when you begin your literature review you don't use the heading introduction anymore i don't know if you ever did actually maybe maybe two or three uh editions ago you would have uh but not in the sixth edition and not in i don't even think in the fifth edition but especially not in the seventh edition that you would not use a heading called introduction you actually use the title of your paper you center it and you bold it when uh beginning the introduction and uh the intent of the and then you would indent your first paragraph and all paragraphs that follow in in the body of the introduction and and also throughout the paper as well double space throughout the introduction uh and then through you know in the other sections there's a few space there's only a few places that you don't double space in an apa uh uh uh style paper and and i'll i'll get to those specifics uh a little bit later in the lecture uh and of course you use headings to organize your paper don't place headings at the bottom of a page without uh content under it so that that's kind of nitpicky but apa does doesn't uh doesn't allow that and as a as a reviewer that they don't like to see headings at the bottom of the paper with no content under the headings if you have a heading that it's at the bottom of the paper just put it on the next page so and what we'll talk more about headings and little bit later in the lecture uh reference section uh this is at the end of a manuscript well this is going to be at the end of the the body of the manuscript and all of the citations that you used within the text should be referenced in the reference section so uh and vice versa that there shouldn't be citations that don't have references and there shouldn't be references that aren't cited in the body so that's something you want to pay extra close attention to when you're writing a manuscript or when you're writing a paper for school

referencing the studies or or the uh the journals that you cited helps others be able to find them and and that's important that you know that we're transparent with uh you know with what we cite and what we reference formatting for references section uh the heading uh references should appear centered at the top of a new page and it has to be bolded so this basically references should be at the top of a new page and bolded and centered and that's that's what the heading would be uh you double space the references page or pages because usually there's more than one page and the references section does utilize a hanging indent format the first line of a reference is not indented but the second line is and if you go if you uh use if you're in word and you click uh you click on the paragraph tab i think you'd have to like right click your mouse and um and then you click on paragraph there's actually a tab in there that you can that you can pretty much highlight your entire reference section and then click on the hanging indent format and then click ok and then it'll give you a hanging indent format for every reference for your section so that that's always nice to do so that way you don't have to fiddle with it when you're when you're typing out all your references references call for different information so uh and that's gonna be a separate lecture in terms of how to reference uh books from book chapters from edited books from journals from electronic sites to you know association websites that they're all a little different and we'll get to that at a later time

footnotes i i did the footnotes are a brief note that provides additional content to part of a paper uh they can either appear on the page uh that they were referring to or a separate page at the end or after i mean after the references section and there's several kinds there's the content footnotes the copyright attribution and also the footnote calling call out numbering and format i'm not going to go into these in detail but they're in the you know the second chapter of the apa manual if you want to follow up on that i i you know and i think for student papers i i'm not sure if uh if if you're gonna use footnotes um i don't know if there's any need i of all the manuscripts that i've written i don't know if i've ever written a footnote i've written notes you know under tables and figures but never a footnote but just know that it's there and if you need it you can read up on it the appendices this is for material that might supplement a manuscript's content that you really don't want in the text because it would be distracting or just overwhelming to the text so some examples would be that if you did uh some kind of an experimental study that and you had very specific instructions for participants that you would maybe list or provide those instructions in detail in an appendix possibly if you might include psychometric instruments in independence if uh if that was needed and then or maybe even the detailed demographics of participants if you're doing some kind of a qualitative study that might call for that and and the thing is is you know once again for uh student papers i'm not sure if appendices are really going to be ever needed the format is that each appendix should be on a separate page if you only have one appendix you would label it just appendix uh and um and but if you have more uh uh more than just one appendix that you would label by letter so you would have appendix a appendix b appendix c uh and always remember to reference appendices in in the body of of the text at least once because if you don't reference it in the text the reader's not going to know what's there so uh and and therefore it would be irrelevant uh to to have to even have the appendix if you're not referencing it in the text uh the appendix should really be i think uh okay it should it i forgot to tell you that uh the format should also be um you know that when you the heading for an appendix should be if you just have one appendix that it uh it should be uh at the top of the page on its own it should be labeled or it should be centered and and bolded so

any kind of supplemental material this is only used with online journals it's not once again this is not a student paper issue unless otherwise specified this is meant to enrich the reader's experience of the content i've only provided some examples because supplemental materials just aren't used all that much but if you have video or audio clips from a from a from a study that you've done that would be relevant or enriching to your study then then you would might upload that as a supplemental material oversized tables that might not fit in the paper itself colorful figures that you maybe just can't fit into the you know the body of the text or tables or figures and then also data files i think more people are including data files as supplemental material for uh for studies so uh general formatting issues uh uh that that is apa specific when we talk about page headers um you know always place page numbers in the header at the top right hand corner and then the running heads uh in the page header for professional papers at the top left-hand corner and if you look at the examples in the book in the second chapter or at the paper on the website uh you'll uh you'll see what that looks like font uh there's a variety of acceptable fonts for apa uh the only thing that they would uh require is that you'd be consistent with uh with your font choice throughout your paper and you don't change it up different options that are acceptable uh are all listed here so and everyone everyone has their um you know their you know their their their preference my preference is 12 point times new roman font

uh line spacing uh double spaced the entire paper uh apa i mean in 98 of of of of a paper i'd say even nine you know go go as far as 99 and a half maybe even uh is going to be double spaced except for uh if you uh are using tables and figures there's uh some times that you're going to be able to a single space footnotes uh there's times in footnotes that you would not double space and then for the title page uh there's um there's times that you're going to double double space that you're going to leave a space between i can't remember what it is i think it's the affiliation of the authors and then also and the author notes and uh and then there might be another one i would that would be something i'd uh just refer to you to um to check with the manual on in terms of when to double double space in the title page there's no extra space in between paragraphs in the in the in the text as well so sometimes people like to leave space between the paragraphs and that's that's something that we shouldn't be doing margins within a paper one-inch margins on all sides at that standard word i believe so so you don't really have to think too much about that also paragraph alignment i believe this is standard as well for word that you know that we align the text to the left and leave the right margin uneven and then uh paragraph indentation that you know the indent we always indent the first line of every paragraph using the tab key and that's you just use what is uh uh by default in uh in in word and you'll be you'll be fine the i think the only paragraph that you don't indent will be for the abstract and if you're a student and you're not required to have an abstract then you know don't worry about it all right let's move on to organization uh i'm gonna have other there's gonna be other lectures here um that uh describe and and go into how to organize a paper uh but you know apa does talk about organizing thoughts in a paper to help produce meaningful flow which is very you know it's very helpful to do and mainly they're talking about using headings and uh the use of headings can help with organizing flow and letting the reader know what's to come uh in in you know in future paragraphs so that they know um you know where you're going in this paper uh headings need to be succinct and concise uh they don't need to be super long just use the word like like a title use the words that you need to to describe you know to briefly describe the content that's coming also when you use headings especially with subsections don't just have one subsection for a heading you need at least two or more and if you can't if you can't have two or at least two uh subsections under a heading then don't use any at all and also uh do not label headings with numbers or letters that that's um you know they want it to be more uh uh descriptive uh the use of headings and how many uh uh to use depends on the paper that you're you're writing you know i think i've used uh there's five levels of headings i think i've used up to four uh and when i do when i write empirical studies i think for student-led papers you might use a you know maybe you know the first two levels of headings which is completely acceptable but there's not you know you only use the level of level of headings or the levels of headings that you need so here are the five levels of headings and uh and and and this is basically and i just i just typed this from from the book and the book has a a little chart that shows this as well um and that the uh centered bold uh the the first level of headings should be centered bolded and uh title uh title case heading and really you know when you do uh you know let's say an empirical study the main parts of a study such as the introduction or the lit review the methods section the results section the discussion uh the in the references should all be a level one heading and then within each of uh those sections you're going to drill down and use uh you know the second third fourth and fifth levels of heading depending on depending on what you need but what i would do is i would just be you know i think if you're a student i think i would be uh very aware of the of the two first levels and and maybe even the third one and then if you need to go into the fourth and fifth heading for something that you're writing then then to refer to the uh to the manual just for a refresher all right so this is the uh the end of the second lecture on the apa manual if you have any questions let me know if not have a great day