hello and welcome to the lecture on the apa style writing chapter 9 titled reference list uh this lecture is going to go into some of the um some of the maybe the nuts and bolts of what goes into a reference list but it's also going to just provide some generalities in terms of uh what you know what goes into a reference list and what it should look like the reference list as you probably already know is at the end of a paper that is apa style it prov really what its intention is is to provide the information needed to retrieve works that are cited in text so the citations that are are cited in text have to be synonymous with the references uh that you know really the references you know the citations should all have a reference and and references should all be cited in text so uh they have to be equal really the uh chapter nine is is going to give you uh some some nice content related to referencing but chapter 10 is really going to give you a specific reference examples in terms of you know more of a how-to guide so my advice is this is there's going to be a few ways of referencing that that i think you should probably memorize or just know very very well or know how or have a cheat sheet on on how to reference and and those are for for mainly journal articles books edited books or book chapters uh organizations referencing an organization such as the national institute of health or mental health or aca and then also powerpoint presentations and podcasts because sometimes if you need to reference site and reference uh uh recorded narratives uh that are in class uh in in a discussion board that you'll know how to do that and for the rest of it i would just know how to use chapter 10 in terms of how to navigate that chapter because it's really uh just like a go-to guide in terms of how to reference a number of different types of sources so that's my hope so uh the chapter nine talks about reference uh referencing categories uh uh within uh chapter 10 which is going to be organized by grouping categorization and type so if we look at groups apa talks about how there's larger groups groupings of sources there's text sources there's data data sets software and tests audio visual media and online media and and i would say the grand majority of what you're going to use is going to be at least in graduate school will be text works such as books book chapters edited books uh journal articles but there might also be some audio visual media that you might use in some online media data sets and software's and software and tests probably not so much so if you break the groups down uh under underneath the groupings you're going to have categories and they're going to be of course found in groups and then underneath categories or within categories you're going to have types that are found in the categories and we'll just so an example of this would be if you have a text work that is it can be labeled a grouping so you know text work is a is is part of a group and periodicals um uh you know are our category and then within the periodicals or under periodicals could be journal articles or even magazines newspapers anything you know any of the such so let's say you have a source that you want to cite in a paper and you want to reference it but you don't really know how to because it's something that might be a little bit out of the ordinary that's when you go to chapter 10 and you figure out you know what what grouping should it be labeled under and then under what group and then within the grouping what category does it fall under and then under uh category what type is it and if you can do that if you can use chapter 10 as a as a tool then you're going to be able to figure out how to reference that source

okay moving on to principles of uh reference list entries there's really four elements of a reference and and i think this goes across the board to pretty much any source that you that you want to reference most of the time all of these things will be there the first one is authorship next one is date the date of publication then the title of the work and then the source of where the work came from and all of these are might look a little different depending on what uh what type of source it is so and that's where you uh people get uh you know they get tripped up with the details and apa is somewhat detailed you know related to this and it takes a little bit of uh time and effort to uh to get it right okay so authorship is the first uh is the is the first element we're going to get into and this was referred to uh you know this is defined as the person or or persons that are responsible for the work it could be uh just one individual it could be a group of people multiple people two or more uh it could be a group uh that is under some kind of institution or government affiliation so this could you know this is when the national institute of mental health comes in or the national institute of aging american counseling association any kind of uh reputable institution or government website or group that you know that is um that has that has published something you can use and you would use uh you you would uh you know label them as uh as the author and then also a combination of of people and groups that this can also be an option and i i'd urge you to read up on that uh i would say nine times out of ten you're going to be looking at an uh individual or p or group of people uh to uh to provide is the authorship and then also you know a group you know because there's a lot of really good institutions and government government institutions that can can provide a lot of sources for your work you format the format of the author element uh that authorship that the the author's names uh have to be uh their last names are gonna be given first so the last name is first and then the initials so if you're if you're referencing uh an author last name daniels that that would come first so you write daniels comma space first initial first first name initial period space and then middle initial if they have one if it's listed on the work and then uh follow that with a period uh this is a small detail but it's something that people forget a lot is that there are there should be a space between initials uh and you use commas to separate authors and and then also you use commas to separate last names from uh from from initials you would always use an ampersand to delineate the last author uh in a group of authors uh never include the titles positions ranks academic achievements of of these people that's that's not an appropriate place to put in in the reference section there's also places uh or times that you're going to identify specialized roles such as the editors of books these are people that didn't necessarily contribute to the writing of the book but they have edited the book and they need to be referenced in the referencing section so for an edit for one editor you would you would write capital e d period in parentheses and then for two or more editors you would write uh capital e d s period in parentheses so this is what it might look like in in a reference that you would have myers comma j e and then e d stands for editor followed by a period if it's two or more editors it would be myers j e and sweeney tw uh and then eds period in parentheses followed by a period so and all of this is is uh is demonstrated in in in chapter 10. the thing is is i i would just get to know chapter 10 pretty well so you can uh navigate it uh in you know in in an easy way and and i would even highlight the uh you know the exam the examples that you're going to use more often than not for group authors such as government agencies associations you can even look at like non-profit organizations businesses hospitals tasks for task forces study groups these are all considered group authorship uh if you if you reference them always spell out the full name of the group when you in your reference section don't abbreviate you only abbreviate in the text not in the reference because you want to make it easy for the person looking for that source when they go back into the uh into the references section to be able to find it and also use the most specific name of of the institution or association that you can find so let's say you start off online in the national institute of health and you start drilling down on that website and you get into one of their smaller branches or specific branches of the national institute of mental health and you find something that you want to you would use as a source for your paper well you wouldn't you wouldn't reference the national institute of health you would reference the national institute of mental health because that'll make it easier for the reader to to find that source when they need to if there's no author this is somewhat rare uh in uh in today's you know in in 2020 or 2000 so you know and so but if but if there isn't an author uh you would move the title to where the author's name would be if it's anonymous if the author just wants to remain anonymous that you would just put the word anonymous in where their name should be so capital a you know capitalize the word anonymous period 2020 or whatever the year is okay let's move on to the date the date is the date of the publication and this can take on a lot of different forms depending on the resource that you're referencing so uh you know you can uh you would in in most references that you use journal articles books edited books chapters you know a number of the more common ones even group associations that you would utilize the year only one 100 times you know you would utilize the year month date or the year and month or the year and season or the range of dates these are all used in idiosyncratic reasons like for example the year month and day might be if you are referencing a newspaper that you know that comes out with a an addition every day uh so what you would do is you would enclose the date in parentheses followed by the period this is the format on how you would uh include the date in the reference section in a reference of the reference section now let's say that you found a work that is in press and it's not yet been published it's been accepted for publication it's just not published then you would just put in in the parentheses in press two words uh don't put a a dash or anything and don't put the quotations you would just write impressed as two words in parentheses followed by a period

uh for updated or reviewed online works these are two very different things let's say you get into the uh you know to the national institute of aging and you're looking around and you found something that is going to be a really good source for your for your for your paper then you would uh you would look to see what the date was and if it was updated let's say it was originally published in 2015 but you notice that it's been updated in 2019 you're going to want to use the 2019 updated date in your reference section now let's say it was reviewed let's say it was it came out in 2015 but it was reviewed in 2019 you don't want to put you you don't want to reference that it was uh in your reference section 2019 because really all a review is is somebody going in there and saying okay well all this is still current nothing to change here you know let's move on and and it's nice that they say they reviewed it but but when you reference it in the referencing section if it's been reviewed always go back to the original publication date only if it's been actually updated and they'll tell you if it's been updated they'll list that uh that you would want to use the updated date now if no date is given you would just you'd use the following uh thing here which is uh nd and period d period lower case in parentheses followed by a period once again you know 1 000 times i i i don't think i've ever used that because all of the resources that i've found over the years i've always had dates okay moving on to the title the title is defined as the title of the work that is cited there's two categories to this there's there's works that are going to stand alone such as a book because a book is a book and it stands by itself it's it's an island so to speak uh that's going to appear in the title element of the reference uh within the reference section now the books or the or the works that are part of a greater whole such as a journal article you know that that title will appear in the title element but the title of the greater whole will also have to appear in the source part of the uh the source element part of the reference so with a book there's no there's no you know it's not part of a greater whole but a journal or an article that you find if it's found in it in a larger journal the best way you can you can locate that journal article is is by knowing what journal to look you know to look for so that's why they're categorizing these in in two different ways so the format is if for work set standalone such as a book you're going to want to italicize the title of the book you're going to want to use a sentence case with capitalization so the first word is always capitalized the rest is uh is lower cap except for the word uh after a colon in a subtitle uh or proper nouns proper nouns should be capitalized as well uh the only difference between a a book title and a title for a journal article is that you do not italicize the uh the title of um of the article in the journal so group counseling the bigger picture that's something i made up uh you know if it's a book it should be if it's a title of a book it should be italicized if it's just the title of a uh of a journal within an article or an article within a larger journal then it should not be italicized but once again uh capitalizing it in sentence case uh is still is in play and then also you finish it with a period so there are idiosyncrasies to this that you need to i think become aware of with at least a a more common reference uh uh style you know referencing to sources that you're going to use throughout graduate school such as journal articles books edited books book chapters things like that i would get to know that very well okay so next is the source and that's where the reader can retrieve the cited work now there's three categories to this there's works that stand alone such as a book and and and the the source of that book is going to be the publisher of the work so that's what they mean by source now if it's a work uh if it's if it's work if it's a work that's part of a greater whole such as a journal article or a journal or an article within a journal then

then you're going to look at the greater whole which is the name of the journal itself so let's say uh you know you find uh this specific article and it's found in the journal of counseling that greater whole is the journal of counseling uh so you know it's the actual journal okay and the third one is uh is a new one here which is works associated with a specific location so this is if let's say you wanted to cite a source uh that was related to let's say a presentation at a conference then you would want to cite the location information of where that conference was typically it's the state and the city and state if it's within the uh with it you know within the united states but if it's outside the united states then you would want to look at chapter 10 to see how in fact to uh to reference that so some periodical sources like for example you know uh journal articles magazines newspapers newsletters and blogs these are all under you know these are types under the category of periodical sources you would want to include the periodical title which is uh you know the name of the journal the journal of counseling volume number usually there's like four volume numbers or several okay i think it could be more it depends on how they uh how they delineate it but uh you know the volume number is is is number four the issue number is in parentheses uh and then the page range is 23-33 and then it's it's it ends with a period now there are article numbers if if if you do find an uh a journal a journal article that has an article number that you might want to include that as well uh always note that the the name of the journal and the volume number should be italicized here and there's no space between the journal or between the volume number and the issue number it's it just it's all continuous but one one of them the volume number is italicized and the issue with number is not so it's it's very specific on what they want for an edited book uh uh it's it's gonna be a little different you're gonna have the editor's names the title of the book the page range and the publisher so uh you would start with nre forester which is the editor comma counseling children that's the the name of the uh the title of the book uh and then the page range if this is looking at like let's say a specific chapter of the book that would be pages 12 to 24 period and then springer and i think that the seventh edition is leaving off the um the the location of the publisher you i think we used to have to put the uh the city and state uh of the publisher i think they're telling us to leave that off now so you want to make sure that you know when you look into chapter 10 and you're looking at edited books and and what books in general be sure you double check to make sure if they want you to leave the the city and state of the publishing company out which i'm pretty sure they do works with specific locations so like i said this is you know this is probably going to be a conference presentation that you want to cite this is usually just the city in the state but it could include anything related to the city state providence country whatever is applicable based on what you're trying to cite so you know it it depends but but i would say that this is probably going to be one of the things you know the conference presentations within the you know within the united states is going to be one that's going to be more of a commonality and the and you would and you would um uh you would you would reference the city in the state that the the conference presentation was held in social media you would provide the social media site name and the url so it would be twitter and then you would have the url and i think it should start with https but i would just double check that dois the digital object identifier uh that if a reference has a doi then then uh use it and books are now coming with dois and also um so our well of course journal articles are uh if if a reference has both a dui and a url always go with the doi and this is what it would look like it would be the https slash dui.org and then you would have the doi number after that and that number can be pretty extensive uh but uh you know that that's what they want and they want you to keep it as a hyperlink because the thought behind it is if you keep it as a hyperlink by clicking on this hyperlink it will take you right to the source it'll take you right to the article or the book that that that it's linked to also never put a a period behind a doi number or even a url number because that can throw off the whole uh hyperlink and it might not work urls uh uh they there's some changes to the urls they don't want you to include the words retrieved from in when you when you reference a url take that out and also include it as a hyperlink so that way all they have to do is click on it and then it pops right up and and they can see the source that you're that you're referencing and uh they want to make sure uh so you want to make sure that the hyperlink works so if you've been writing something for a while and and you know it's been a couple of years and or maybe you know you found a source or you want to use an uh you know something that you use in another paper you want to use a the source from another paper make sure that that url still works because a lot of times you know they they take them down and you gotta refine it again through something else uh the the format and order of a reference section this might be one of the more important slides uh always begin the reference list on a new page and at the top of that page you want to put the heading references that should be bolded and centered in the middle of the page alphabetize the references by the author's first author first author's last names that's kind of i had to look at that by the wro yeah so you look at the last names of the of the first authors and you and you alphabetized by by that uh and then you double space and always double space and apa there's a couple times that you don't but the the the reference section should always be double spaced and use a hanging indent now you can find a hanging indent option in word if you click on i think you have to like right click or and then you you see paragraphs click on that and then look around and you'll see something uh an option of hanging in that so what you would do is i think you you would highlight your entire references section after you've uh after you've you've created it and then you would go in click on hanging indent hit okay and then it would put your entire reference section and hanging in that form uh i i would i would recommend doing it that way it makes things a lot easier okay well i think that's the end of this uh lecture uh like i said i i i think this lecture is more looking at uh referencing from 36 000 feet maybe delving into 24 000 feet the real work is going to be you getting into chapter 10 and just really learning how to navigate that chapter uh as a reference guide when uh when referencing sources for your paper okay well i hope this has been helpful or helpful to you and have a good day